OpenAI – Asia Pacific Metalworking Equipment News | Manufacturing | Automation | Quality Control https://www.equipment-news.com As Asia’s number one English metalworking magazine, Asia Pacific Metalworking Equipment News (APMEN) is a must-read for professionals in the automotive, aerospace, die & mould, oil & gas, electrical & electronics and medical engineering industries. Fri, 18 Oct 2024 01:49:36 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.7.1 NYT Sends AI Startup Perplexity ‘Cease And Desist’ Notice Over Content Use https://www.equipment-news.com/nyt-sends-ai-startup-perplexity-cease-and-desist-notice-over-content-use/ Fri, 18 Oct 2024 01:49:36 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=34260 The New York Times fired Perplexity a “cease and desist” notice demanding the company stop using the newspaper’s content for generative AI purposes, the startup said on 15 October, marking the latest clash between the news publisher and an AI…

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The New York Times fired Perplexity a “cease and desist” notice demanding the company stop using the newspaper’s content for generative AI purposes, the startup said on 15 October, marking the latest clash between the news publisher and an AI firm, Reuters learnt.

Source: Reuters


The controversy surrounding Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues and it’s closest nemesis is copyright infringements. The news publisher said in the letter, a copy of which it shared with Reuters, that the way Perplexity was using its content, including to create summaries and other types of output, violates copyright law. NYT declined to provide additional comment on the matter.

Since the introduction of ChatGPT, publishers have been raising the alarm on chatbots that can comb the internet to find information and create paragraph summaries for the user. In the letter to Perplexity dated 2 October 2024, NYT demanded the AI firm “immediately cease and desist all current and future unauthorized access and use of The Times’s content.”

It also asked Perplexity to provide information on how it is accessing the publisher’s website despite its prevention efforts. Perplexity had previously assured publishers it would stop using “crawling” technology, according to the letter. Despite this, NYT said its content still appears in Perplexity.

“We are not scraping data for building foundation models, but rather indexing web pages and surfacing factual content as citations to inform responses when a user asks a question,” Perplexity told Reuters.

The startup also said it plans to respond by 30 October 2024 deadline set by NYT to provide the requested information. NYT is also tussling with OpenAI, which it had sued late last year, accusing the firm of using millions of its newspaper articles without permission to train its AI chatbot.

Earlier this year, Reuters reported multiple AI companies were bypassing a web standard used by publishers to block the scraping of their data used in generative AI systems. Perplexity faced accusations from media organizations such as Forbes and Wired for plagiarising their content, but has since launched a revenue-sharing program to address some concerns put forward by publishers.

 

 

 

 

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OpenAI Says New ChatGPT Model Can Reason And Think ‘Much Like a Person’ https://www.equipment-news.com/openai-says-new-chatgpt-model-can-reason-and-think-much-like-a-person/ Sun, 15 Sep 2024 14:11:33 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=34096 OpenAI has unveiled a new ChatGPT model that can “reason” and solve harder problems in science, coding and math than its predecessors. Source: CNN CNN reported the model, the first in a series called OpenAI o1, was released 12 September…

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OpenAI has unveiled a new ChatGPT model that can “reason” and solve harder problems in science, coding and math than its predecessors.

Source: CNN


CNN reported the model, the first in a series called OpenAI o1, was released 12 September 2024 as a preview, with the firm saying it expects regular updates and improvements. It will gradually become available to most ChatGPT users.

“We trained these models to spend more time thinking through problems before they respond, much like a person would,” the maker of ChatGPT said on its website. “Through training, they learn to refine their thinking process, try different strategies and recognize their mistakes.”

As examples of the new models’ power, OpenAI noted that they can be used by healthcare researchers to annotate cell sequencing data and by physicists to generate “complicated mathematical formulas needed for quantum optics.”

The potential of the new AI models was also highlighted by Noam Brown, a research scientist at the company.

“OpenAI’s o1 thinks for seconds, but we aim for future versions to think for hours, days, even weeks. Inference costs will be higher,” he posted on X Thursday, referring to the costs — such as higher energy bills — of using AI to make inferences from inputs. “But what cost would you pay for a new cancer drug? For breakthrough batteries?” he added.

AI’s massive thirst for energy was due to be discussed between senior White House officials and top US tech executives. Sam Altman, OpenAI CEO, Google Senior Executive Ruth Porat and Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei were expected to attend the meeting, a person familiar with the matter told CNN.

Although the technology may help solve thorny problems like cancer and the climate crisis, it poses equally complex challenges, including how to meet the significant demand for electricity required by advanced AI systems — which could worsen global warming. The new OpenAI model doesn’t yet have many of the features “that make ChatGPT useful,” the firm said, like browsing the web for information, and uploading files and images. “But for complex reasoning tasks this is a significant advancement,” it added.

In tests, OpenAI o1 performs similarly to PhD students on difficult benchmark tasks in physics, chemistry and biology, according to the company. And in a qualifying exam for the International Mathematics Olympiad, the new series of models correctly solved 83% of problems.

To begin with, thinking “like a human” is already a subjective aspect. When it touches upon “no right or wrong answer”, which “side” would the program take when the question is regarding medical technologies / approaches?

The advancement of OpenAI with strong emphasis of human training is stressing more caution than assurance, if anyone may speculate. The fact this model is actively trained in real-time by users, simulatanously by scientists might pose more questions than answers.

 

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Nvidia Finds Itself Amongst Defendants Accused Of Copyright Infringements https://www.equipment-news.com/nvidia-finds-itself-amongst-defendants-accused-of-copyright-infringements/ Wed, 13 Mar 2024 02:31:51 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=32529 Nvidia has found itself joining the group of enterprises taken to court, like OpenAI, Microsoft, Stability AI, Midjourney, and DeviantArt, making lawsuits over copyright infringements more common. The world raved about AI last year, even Jensen Huang from Nvidia famously…

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Nvidia has found itself joining the group of enterprises taken to court, like OpenAI, Microsoft, Stability AI, Midjourney, and DeviantArt, making lawsuits over copyright infringements more common.


The world raved about AI last year, even Jensen Huang from Nvidia famously praised the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI). He went as far as to say anyone can be a programmer with AI softwares. This was during the period where ChatGPT got into trouble in various shapes and forms— from data security breach to fabricated content by a high ranking editor.

Now, the chip titan finds itself joining the group of defendants accused of copyright infringements via OpenAI. Three authors reportedly took Nvidia to court over using their copyrighted material without permission to train its NeMo AI platform.

Brian Keene, Abdi Nazemian and Stewart O’Nan said their works were part of a dataset of about 196,640 books that helped train NeMo to simulate ordinary written language, before being taken down in October “due to reported copyright infringement. In a proposed class action filed in San Francisco federal court, the authors said the takedown reflects Nvidia’s having “admitted” it trained NeMo on the dataset, and thereby infringed their copyrights.

They are seeking unspecified damages for people in the United States whose copyrighted works helped train NeMo’s so-called large language models in the last three years. Among the works covered by the lawsuit are Keene’s 2008 novel “Ghost Walk,” Nazemian’s 2019 novel “Like a Love Story,” and O’Nan’s 2007 novella “Last Night at the Lobster.”

The lawsuit drags Nvidia into a growing body of litigation by writers, as well as the New York Times, over generative AI, which creates new content based on inputs such as text, images and sounds. Nvidia touts NeMo as a fast and affordable way to adopt generative AI.

Other companies sued over the technology have included OpenAI, which created the AI platform ChatGPT, and its partner Microsoft. AI’s rise has made Nvidia a favourite of investors. The Santa Clara, California-based chipmaker’s stock price has risen almost 600% since the end of 2022, giving Nvidia a market value of nearly US$2.2 trillion.

 

 

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Baidu’s ChatGPT-Like Ernie Bot Leads The Pack In China https://www.equipment-news.com/baidus-chatgpt-like-ernie-bot-leads-the-pack-in-china/ Fri, 05 Jan 2024 09:49:52 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=31670 Baidu’s ChatGPT-like Ernie Bot has reportedly garnered more than 100 million users, Wang Haifeng, Chief Technology Officer of the Chinese internet company said. Source: Reuters The user base milestone, announced at a deep learning summit in Beijing, comes after the…

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Baidu’s ChatGPT-like Ernie Bot has reportedly garnered more than 100 million users, Wang Haifeng, Chief Technology Officer of the Chinese internet company said.

Source: Reuters

The user base milestone, announced at a deep learning summit in Beijing, comes after the search engine giant opened Ernie Bot to the public in August. This was preceded by a partial unveiling and more than five-month trial period where select users could test the chatbot’s capabilities.

Analysts said that while the partial unveiling in March was underwhelming, it still gave the company a valuable first-mover advantage in a market that has since become crowded with dozens of players, as Chinese tech companies, large and small, look to develop their own chatbots powered by generative artificial intelligence (AI).

This followed the launch in late 2022 of U.S. research organisation Open AI’s ChatGPT, which became the fastest-growing software application in the world within six months. Since then, investors have valued OpenAI at more than $80 billion. While OpenAI’s parent is a nonprofit, Microsoft has invested $13 billion in a for-profit subsidiary, for what would be a 49% stake.

OpenAI was embroiled in numerous sagas and even litigation from sources claiming their works were used without permission — copyright infringements. This could have dented the credibility of Microsoft and OpenAI if users’ data are quietly mined for distribution, strategically positioning Ernie Bot as the dominant chatbot for information.

Baidu CEO Robin Li has this year repeatedly touted the potential for Ernie Bot and related products to help the company gain market share in its mainstream businesses, including search engine, cloud, and smart cars. According to a ranking published by SuperCLUE, which ranks generative AI-powered chatbots, Ernie Bot leads all Chinese chatbots but its score of 79.02 is more than 10 points lower than the latest version of ChatGPT. 

 

 

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Slaughtering Undone, Sam Altman Resumes Chapter https://www.equipment-news.com/slaughtering-undone-sam-altman-resumes-chapter/ Thu, 23 Nov 2023 02:39:02 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=31424 Those who have been following the Sam Altman saga must have been screaming “WHY?!” when news about his termination hit the headlines. My overwhelming sense of curiosity had a generous serving of conspiracy theories. Nonetheless, the spotlight was cast on…

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Those who have been following the Sam Altman saga must have been screaming “WHY?!” when news about his termination hit the headlines. My overwhelming sense of curiosity had a generous serving of conspiracy theories. Nonetheless, the spotlight was cast on accountability, and could only get juicier.

One glaring thing was its uncanny resemblance to Steve Job’s story; forced out of the company he founded. Being utterly disappointed as he should be, he minded his own business till the successor, Gil Amelio was proven beyond reasonable doubt he was not cut out for the job. Jobs was rehired by Apple after a massive stock plunge under Amelio’s leadership.

Now that Sam Altman is back in OpenAI, along with a new board installed, it is clear that the biggest winners are Microsoft and Altman. Microsoft takes the crown for its massive US$13 billion pumped into OpenAI, though this investment does not give Microsoft any control in the firm. Altman’s return is the biggest humiliation / doubt to the board that ousted him — leadership quality.

The Messy Aftermaths

One could not disagree with Microsoft’s move to jump in offering roles to Altman’s supporters. After all, this involves sourcing for another 700 or more new hires for the company. This essentially spells “game over” just for the time frame and resources needed to complete the recruitment.

Another thing to note is the board’s earlier allegations of Altman’s management which the former lost faith in and led to the firing had their strategy backfired. The board’s ambiguous explanation was no explanation given more than 90% were willing to exit OpenAI with Altman cast more doubts on transparency albeit within the board.

Taking it a step further, the team at OpenAI has the right to know why Altman was removed – accountability. Yet, the board’s approach was to be ambiguous which led to almost a mass exodus.

Employees deserve accountability as well, especially if alarm bells are bursting ear drums. The board’s hollow answer just does not cut it, just because the golden word “investigation” was missing. It is glaring the approach to withhold what transpired was preceded by something better left unsaid.

And The Wounded

Ironically, the newly installed board does not have someone who earlier preached about AI safety. This person is none other than Helen Toner, who was a board member and former Director of Strategy for Georgetown’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology for nearly five years according to CNBC.

Image credit – Daily Mail

Toner famously told the Journal of Political Risk that, “Building AI systems that are safe, reliable, fair, and interpretable is an enormous open problem… Organisations building and deploying AI will also have to recognise that beating their competitors to market— or to the battlefield — is to no avail if the systems they’re fielding are buggy, hackable, or unpredictable.”

It was widely reported Altman spoke to Toner about a paper she co-wrote for Georgetown’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology, where she is a Director of Strategy, as it seemed to criticise the company’s safety approach and favouring rival Anthropic, according to The New York Times. Deeply ruffled, Toner allegedly set the motion running to get a hurdle out of the way.

Of course, everything listed here are not backed by concrete evidence but from a variety of reports. That said, this will be a hot topic in the next couple of weeks.

Yet, nobody gave any attention to Emmett Shear — former Twitch CEO who was announced to be the interim CEO after Altman’s exit. He enjoyed a few glorious days but nothing has been said about what is next for him after Altman’s return.

 

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OpenAI Slaughters Its Golden Goose — Sam Altman https://www.equipment-news.com/openai-slaughtered-its-golden-goose-sam-altman/ Tue, 21 Nov 2023 04:31:52 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=31386 From intellectual property theft to a parody of Steve Jobs’ experience — being driven out by the company he founded, Sam Altman’s case is making the world hold its breath for what is next for OpenAI, if not Microsoft. The…

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From intellectual property theft to a parody of Steve Jobs’ experience — being driven out by the company he founded, Sam Altman’s case is making the world hold its breath for what is next for OpenAI, if not Microsoft.

The earth shook when headlines of Altman’s ousting hit the press. Till today, no further information is disclosed on the big “WHY?”. Their communications teams threaded carefully by claiming the board lost confidence in Altman’s management practices; not receiving the transparency it rightfully deserved.

If we look back, OpenAI thrusted several industries into controversy this year alone. From media reporting to chip coding, the chatbot was deemed as something that could either make or break industries by creating a new generation of jobs or eliminating them altogether. Altman is said to be pursuing a new concept, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), and reportedly hinted on the idea of machines performing tasks better than humans.

When news broke that Altman was shown the door, hordes of staff threatened mass resignation unless the board took him back. One of the petition signatures belonged to Ilya Sutskever, another Co-founder and Chief Scientist of OpenAI. He also happens to be one of the primary brains behind the large language model GPT-4.


Ilya Sutskever, another Co-founder and Chief Scientist of OpenAI

Sutskever had a hand in Altman’s ousting. Now, he joins the petition to have Altman reinstated, expressing full remorse of his prior actions that caused Altman’s exit.

As fate would have it, when over 90% signed the letter demanding his reinstating or they will leave, Microsoft stepped in to hire Altman, along with offering his supporters jobs should they be keen. This is a golden opportunity for Microsoft to strengthen its own AI chatbot after witnessing the the exponential success of OpenAI.

Many conglomerates have gone on the path of creating their own AI chatbots but it was not without suffering from serious blunders. For the metalworking world, even Nvidia’s leader acknowledged the power of AI that he conceded coding can be done by just about anyone who knows programming language.

At the end of it all, many still hold onto the mentality that AI is the technology that will redefine how work is done across several industries. However, giving credit where it is due — considering Microsoft invited Altman onboard after OpenAI’s dumping, the latter totally missed the point they have killed their golden goose.

 

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OpenAI Sued For Copyright Infringement https://www.equipment-news.com/openai-sued-for-copyright-infringement/ Tue, 11 Jul 2023 09:54:58 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=30172 ChatGPT is in trouble. OpenAI is getting sued in the US for illegally using content from the internet to train their LLM or large language models. It got called out for unauthorised data mining to augment its information database. As…

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ChatGPT is in trouble. OpenAI is getting sued in the US for illegally using content from the internet to train their LLM or large language models. It got called out for unauthorised data mining to augment its information database.


As reported by First Post, a class action lawsuit has been filed against OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, claiming that the company’s AI training methods violated the privacy and copyright of practically everyone who has ever shared content online. OpenAI gathered an enormous amount of data from various sources on the internet to train its advanced AI language models.

These datasets consist of a wide range of materials, such as Wikipedia articles, popular books, social media posts, and even explicit content of niche genres. More importantly, OpenAI acquired all this data without seeking permission from the content creators. If this refreshes anyone’s memory, it would be Samsung’s coding for their semiconductor division, as well as other confidential data.

What The Trouble Entails

The class action lawsuit, filed in California, argues that OpenAI’s failure to adhere to proper protocols, including obtaining consent from content creators, amounts to outright data theft.

The lawsuit filing stated, “Instead of following established procedures for the acquisition and usage of personal information, the Defendants resorted to theft. They systematically scraped 300 billion words from the internet, including ‘books, articles, websites, and posts,’ which also included personal information obtained without consent.”

How OpenAI Nicks Your Ideas And Work

It is a valid argument that if you have been active online in recent decades, your digital contributions are likely incorporated into OpenAI’s datasets. Consequently, any output generated by OpenAI’s language models, which is used for profit, may contain fragments of your data obtained through silent scraping.

Ryan Clarkson, Managing Partner at the law firm suing OpenAI, explained to The Washington Post that “all of that information is being taken at scale” without it being originally intended for utilisation by a large language model.

Is the Lawsuit Really A Concern For OpenAI?

The outcome of the case in court remains uncertain. The internet’s infrastructure is complex, and the notion of a free and open web is often not entirely accurate. Online platforms have their own terms and agreements with users, and even if users contribute content to these platforms, the ownership typically belongs to the platform itself rather than the users.

Katherine Gardner, an intellectual-property lawyer, noted that when users upload content to social media or any other site, they usually grant the platform a broad license to use their content in various ways. As a result, it would be challenging for ordinary users to claim entitlement to payment or compensation for the use of their data in training models.

While it is a subject of ethics for OpenAI, such casts doubts on any organisation’s integrity and expertise. Using a chatbot to improve one’s work is not wrong. However, when the output turns out to be generated by data mining from other reliable sources, one cannot argue against the principle of data theft — albeit another platform did the deed on one’s behalf.

 

 

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AI Ego Trip For One, Deprecation For Another? https://www.equipment-news.com/ai-ego-trip-for-one-deprecation-for-another/ Mon, 22 May 2023 04:10:37 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=29737 OpenAI’s ChatGPT appears to be gradually revealing its drawbacks — cementing the belief its intelligence remains inferior to that of humans. It proved the point ironically for AI advocate, Japan’s Digital Transformation Minister Kono Taro. In a famous revelation, he…

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OpenAI’s ChatGPT appears to be gradually revealing its drawbacks — cementing the belief its intelligence remains inferior to that of humans. It proved the point ironically for AI advocate, Japan’s Digital Transformation Minister Kono Taro.

In a famous revelation, he revealed to Bloomberg: “I asked ChatGPT who Kono Taro is and he came back with the wrong answer. So you need to be careful.” Apparently the AI powered chatbot identified him as Prime Minister for Japan.

As the world holds its giggles for a blunder involving political figures, it corroborates the downside of Google — inaccuracies. Minister Kono is known for his support towards using AI to address labour shortages and work efficiency.

Unfortunately, for tremendous support towards a cause, his position had to be mixed up with someone more significant. To date, no comment was issued by OpenAI for this new blunder.

Minister Kono was reportedly speaking as Prime Minister Fumio Kishida established a panel to look into the economic potential and risks of AI, seeking to take a lead on the regulation of the technology as this year’s chair of the Group of Seven wealthy democracies. The group’s digital ministers agreed on an action plan for promoting “trustworthy AI,” and the European Union took a step toward more regulation of AI tools such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Bard.

But yes, lack of regulations on AI can be detrimental to many industries in terms of data security and intellectual property rights. While many support the power of AI, there are boundaries that cannot be crossed.

Kono said robots do not threaten Japan’s workforce due to its declining population but the country is keen on trying new AI technologies. He added the government was discussing data set creation with Microsoft Corp. and other providers of the technology.

“The minority language data set compared to English is not big, so it could be skewed,” Minister Kono remarked.

Kono, who was appointed to his post last year, has long battled to do away with cumbersome government paperwork and the use of older technologies, like fax machines and floppy disks. He is seeking to pass a bill as soon as this month that would remove such requirements from more than 10,000 laws and regulations after a search through paperwork stretching back for decades, he said.

 

 

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ChatGPT – A Weapon Of Market Consolidation? https://www.equipment-news.com/chatgpt-a-weapon-of-market-consolidation/ Mon, 15 May 2023 02:28:12 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=29678 Ever since the ChatGPT became available, it became a tool for misuse everywhere. Where does that leave machinists who are genuinely well-versed and good in what they do? There are plenty of A.I. powered chatbots in the market but ChatGPT…

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Ever since the ChatGPT became available, it became a tool for misuse everywhere. Where does that leave machinists who are genuinely well-versed and good in what they do?


There are plenty of A.I. powered chatbots in the market but ChatGPT being the most common has achieved notoriety for the wrong reasons. Call it collateral damage or otherwise, this tool has become so convenient that people have chosen to abuse it.

Recently, a man was arrested using ChatGPT to fabricate a train crash in China. The arrest reportedly took place in the northern province of Gansu, according to a WeChat posted police report.

Hong apparently used ChatGPT to create news stories about a train accident that left several people dead, and then posted the fake articles on Baijiahao, a blog-style creation platform created by Chinese internet giant Baidu. ChatGPT is illegal in China.

The specific crime Hong has been accused of however, is “picking quarrels and provoking trouble,” punishable by up to five years in prison, according to Bloomberg. Prior to that, a Chief Editor got shown the door when her A.I. fabricated interview got discovered involving a world famous racer who never gave an interview after waking up from his coma.

The Microsoft-backed OpenAI launched last November has successfully cemented its spot in many industries. Other tech giants rushing to launch their own versions proved this pioneer chatbot is a force to be reckoned with.

The metalworking industry is showing signs of reliance on this ChatGPT especially in G coding, as it reduces time and effort to generate complex gcodes. Accuracy is touted to be guaranteed except it would not be wise to put all the bets on it given it is prone to errors as well.

Hence, if chatbots become a wonder-tool for just about every industry, even the most seasoned machinist would at some point worry about his future. There could potentially but industry consolidation — software players would become redundant and this could be disastrous for the whole sector.

 

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The Real Reason ChatGPT Is A Threat https://www.equipment-news.com/the-real-reason-chatgpt-is-a-threat/ Fri, 12 May 2023 03:59:01 +0000 https://www.equipment-news.com/?p=29675 Ever since OpenAI got accessible, it became a staple for many professionals to find solutions if not alternatives to improve their work. As at 30 March 2023, ChatGPT reportedly registered over 100 million users, including that from metalworking industry. A…

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Ever since OpenAI got accessible, it became a staple for many professionals to find solutions if not alternatives to improve their work. As at 30 March 2023, ChatGPT reportedly registered over 100 million users, including that from metalworking industry.


A knee-jerk reaction followed with many wondering if the chatbot is going to replace jobs. A ray of sunshine pierced through when the truth of the chatbot bobbed up — it is still controlled by humans.

It is not uncommon to find plenty of jokes and memes online involving ChatGPT. One of them noted a student got busted after blindly copying everything the chatbot generated into her paper. However, nothing beats Samsung’s semiconductor division’s fiasco of leaking confidential coding data while using the chatbot to improve coding.

Google is a tool for many for research and information gathering, while the chatbot is just saving the steps of going through every entry for relevant data. Nonetheless, it is known that information off the internet can be inaccurate and even plagarised from other genuine sources.

However, OpenAI’s ChatGPT is smart enough to dish a disclaimer that its data collected was till September 2021 and unable to provide any beyond that date. There is the cutoff, and the chatbot remains active in mining global data quietly before releasing an enhanced version to generate revenue.

There are other chatbots in the market which are paid services and claim to be updated with the latest information. It is still anybody’s guess how much manpower is required to verify the data authenticity to warrant the subscription.

Back to the question, is the chatbot really a threat? It is when a human is incapable of improvising/improving/innovating enough and needs a software to get work done. It is also a threat towards those who are genuinely learned and knowledgeable — especially machining coding for our industry.

To be classed in the bottom league by others who seemingly “work smart” with chatbots is plain unacceptable. What if you realise work generated by a chatbot contains your unique signature, can you file for an infringement of copyright claim?

 

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Companies Struggle To Protect Corporate Secrets From ChatGPT
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