Introduction

Over the last decade, the metalworking and metal processing landscape has seen dramatic changes in methods, tools, and materials—accompanied by an ever-growing emphasis on efficiency, sustainability, and flexibility. Today, industries ranging from aerospace to semiconductor manufacturing demand faster turnaround times, tighter tolerances, and near-zero defects. Meanwhile, environmental considerations and the rise of digital connectivity require forward-thinking strategies in machining, finishing, and maintenance.

A vital part of this transformation can be attributed to advances in tribology, where friction, lubrication, and wear studies have shaped next-generation metalworking fluids and coatings. Equally important is the ascent of digitalization—where technologies like point cloud scanning, advanced metrology, and digital twins merge with cloud-based business models to redefine manufacturing agility. The question is no longer if metalworking will evolve, but rather how far this evolution will go and how quickly it will reshape the entire supply chain, from one-piece custom orders to global production lines.

This article offers a comprehensive look at the latest trends and developments in metalworking, metal processing, metallurgy, and tribology. We delve into how multi-axis CNC machining, emerging additive operations, and new metrology strategies are meeting the demands of vertical industries like aerospace, EV manufacturing, and semiconductors. Finally, we explore how digital twins, predictive maintenance, and the industrial metaverse are driving manufacturing into a future where sustainability and innovation intertwine.

The Evolution of Multi-Axis CNC Machining

From Simple Subtractive to Complex Hybrid Approaches

Multi-axis CNC machining is arguably one of the most prominent advancements in contemporary metalworking. Initially, CNC mills and lathes operated on three axes (X, Y, and Z). However, growing requirements for complex geometries—such as turbine blades for the aerospace sector, injection molds for food and beverage packaging, or miniature components in semiconductors—have necessitated the addition of more axes (4-axis, 5-axis, and beyond). These multi-axis configurations allow machining of intricate parts with fewer setups, tighter tolerances, and better surface finishes.

The roughing stage remains critical for bulk material removal. Strategies like high-efficiency milling (HEM) have transformed roughing, allowing for increased toolpaths, higher feed rates, and improved heat management. Subtractive machining—although firmly established—has evolved to feature specialized tooling materials like polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and advanced carbide compositions, further optimizing wear resistance and cutting speed.

Progress in finishing and fine finishing processes continues to thrive, especially as industries demand minimal post-processing. For instance, complex aerospace parts may require extremely smooth surfaces and exact dimension tolerances to meet airworthiness standards. High-precision grinding, advanced tool path algorithms in CAD/CAM systems, and integrated measuring probes within CNC machines ensure that finishing operations are precise and repeatable.

Additive and Hybrid Production

In parallel with subtractive manufacturing, additive manufacturing (AM) has grown beyond prototyping to become an essential production method. A variety of 3D printing methods exist—such as directed energy deposition (DED) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)—that are utilized across verticals. Aerospace engineers combine additive technologies with multi-axis CNC finishing to refine surfaces and achieve part geometries once considered unmachinable.

We also see hybrid manufacturing cells that integrate both subtractive and additive processes in a single platform. These cells allow a machine to deposit material layer by layer in a required geometry and then immediately switch to a milling or turning spindle for precision finishing, eliminating the need for part transfer between multiple stations. For semiconductor components or sensors, such hybrid systems enable rapid iteration, enhancing design flexibility while ensuring that final components meet tight tolerances.

Transforming Vertical Industries

Semiconductors

The semiconductor sector illustrates the demand for miniaturization and precision. Multi-axis micro-milling, EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining), and high-tolerance grinding enable the production of tiny molds, probes, and housings with sub-micron accuracy. Further, advanced tribology insights help in designing specialized lubricants compatible with ultrapure environments.

Aerospace

In aerospace, aluminum and titanium alloys remain standard, but advanced composites and new high-temperature alloys are constantly being introduced. These materials require cutting strategies that minimize thermal damage and ensure structural integrity. High-pressure coolant systems, specialized tool coatings (e.g., titanium aluminum nitride), and advanced finishing (like superfinishing and micro-polishing) are critical. Aerospace manufacturers also rely heavily on deep hole drilling for components like landing gear and engine parts, employing multi-axis approaches to optimize drilling angles and avoid structural stress.

Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Components

Electrification has driven unprecedented growth in EV component manufacturing. Complex housings for batteries, intricate powertrain components, and specialized chassis designs require simultaneous 5-axis machining or additive approaches to produce lightweight but rigid structures. Tribology research is particularly relevant here, as EV components need lubricants that can function effectively in new types of gear trains, bearings, and drivetrains with minimal frictional losses. Consequently, super-finished gears and innovative coatings have become the norm to extend the service life of these critical components.

Food and Beverage

While not as glamourous as aerospace or EV sectors, the food and beverage industry benefits from highly sanitary and corrosion-resistant processes. Materials like stainless steel and specialized alloys must be machined under stringent conditions that meet FDA or other regulatory agency standards. Machining cells often employ dry or nearly dry machining conditions to reduce fluid contamination. Advanced finishing processes ensure surfaces are smooth and free of micro-cracks where bacterial growth could occur, bolstered by tribological coatings that facilitate cleaning and reduce friction.

Data Centers, Oil & Gas, and Process Industries

Components in data centers, such as cooling equipment parts and server racks, demand high-precision metal fabrication that can be scaled quickly. Process industries like oil and gas rely on robust, corrosion-resistant alloys—such as Inconel, Duplex Stainless Steels, and other superalloys—to withstand extreme conditions. In these industries, advanced machining strategies like submerged or immersion EDM can maintain part integrity and mitigate thermal stress. Additionally, tribology improvements are crucial to handling lubricating challenges in high-pressure or acidic environments.

Metrology, Point Cloud Scanning, and the Digital Twin

Shifting to Advanced Measurement

As tolerances tighten, inspection and metrology must keep pace. Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) have long been the backbone of dimensional measurement, but modern production lines demand faster throughput and real-time data. Automated CMMs equipped with scanning probes can capture high-density point clouds, measuring intricate part surfaces more accurately and at higher speeds than traditional touch-trigger systems.

Beyond CMM, point cloud scanning and structured-light systems enable holistic 3D inspections of complex parts. These systems generate millions of data points, creating a detailed surface map that can be rapidly analyzed to detect deviations. This level of comprehensive inspection is particularly beneficial for aerospace and medical device manufacturers, ensuring every component meets stringent requirements.

The Power of Digital Twins

With the proliferation of real-time sensors and the advent of Industry 4.0, digital twins have emerged as a game-changer. A digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical process, product, or system that is continuously updated with real-world data. In the context of metalworking, digital twins allow for simulations of entire machining sequences before a single chip is cut.

By integrating data from CNCs, in-process measurement tools, and high-fidelity simulation, engineers can predict tool wear, machine deflection, and part deformation. This predictive capability not only slashes scrap rates but also informs predictive maintenance schedules—ensuring that critical machinery is serviced before failure occurs, thereby reducing unscheduled downtime. Furthermore, running these simulations within an industrial metaverse—a virtual ecosystem that merges digital models with real-time data—means stakeholders worldwide can collaborate, test process scenarios, and optimize production lines from anywhere.

Green Machining, Dry Machining, and Sustainability

Increasing environmental regulations and consumer expectations for eco-friendly products have driven a surge in green machining strategies. Coolants and lubricants often contain chemicals that pose health and safety risks, and their disposal can be costly. In dry machining, high-speed cutting combined with advanced tooling geometries can significantly reduce or eliminate the need for coolant. For instance, aerospace-grade titanium can be machined with minimal lubrication if the cutting parameters, tool geometry, and material coatings are carefully managed.

Additionally, alternative lubrication techniques such as Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) drastically reduce fluid consumption by dispensing minute amounts of lubricant directly to the cutting zone. Lubricants themselves have evolved, using plant-based esters or biodegradable oils. These sustainable approaches not only reduce the environmental footprint but often result in lower overhead costs.

Tribology research continues to play a major role here, with friction and wear optimization leading to energy savings. Coatings such as diamond-like carbon (DLC) or titanium nitride (TiN) reduce friction between cutting tool and workpiece, minimizing heat generation and extending tool life.

The Rise of the Agile Job Shop and Cloud Manufacturing

From Low Mix, High Volume to High Mix, Low Volume

Traditionally, job shops specialized in low mix, high-volume parts. But as consumer demands shift and companies aim to differentiate with custom or rapidly iterated products, job shops have transformed into agile, high mix, low-volume providers—even producing single-piece batches on demand. This shift is facilitated by digital platforms that offer cloud-based manufacturing. Customers upload part designs online, receive instant quotes, and job shops leverage connected CNCs, additive manufacturing systems, and modular finishing cells to fulfill orders quickly.

This distributed network model means a small shop can access a global customer base, only manufacturing when there is an order—drastically reducing inventory costs. Additionally, scheduling algorithms and real-time machine data enable shop owners to optimize utilization, dynamically adjusting production sequences for maximum efficiency.

Collaborative Robotics

In line with this agility, industrial robots and cobots (collaborative robots) are increasingly prevalent. Cobots can work safely alongside human operators, taking on repetitive or ergonomic tasks like loading and unloading CNC machines, deburring parts, or performing inspection routines. This synergy frees human workers to focus on higher-value activities, such as process optimization and quality control.

Conclusion

The metalworking, metal processing, and tribology sectors are at a fascinating crossroads. Multi-axis CNC machining continues to redefine boundaries for part complexity and efficiency, while additive manufacturing brings unprecedented design freedom. In parallel, digital twins and the industrial metaverse offer game-changing predictive insights, helping manufacturers pivot swiftly in response to supply chain interruptions or changes in market demand. The synergy between advanced metrology techniques—like point cloud scanning and automated CMM—and real-time data analytics tightens quality control loops and elevates overall precision.

Simultaneously, sustainability and agility are no longer buzzwords but must-have capabilities. Dry machining, green machining, and biodegradable lubricants address environmental concerns. Meanwhile, job shops are making the leap from traditional high-volume runs to on-demand, high-mix, low-volume tasks facilitated by cloud manufacturing. These shifts not only open new revenue streams but also democratize high-precision engineering for smaller businesses and customers. Finally, industrial robots and cobots stand at the ready to bolster human labor, enabling safe, efficient, and adaptable production environments.

In this dynamic milieu, what emerges is a portrait of an industry that—driven by necessity, innovation, and forward-looking vision—has turned barriers into frontiers. From producing a single custom part over an online platform to forging the turbine blades of tomorrow’s commercial airliners, metalworking and processing have become more sophisticated, sustainable, and connected than ever before. The next wave of developments in metallurgy, tribology, and digital manufacturing will only further accelerate this evolution, bringing the future of metalworking into vivid focus for all vertical industries poised to benefit from its transformative potential.

The post Emerging Trends in Metalworking, Processing, and Tribology appeared first on Asia Pacific Metalworking Equipment News | Manufacturing | Automation | Quality Control.

Simplified rest machining and interaction with machine are just a few examples of how the software has been further refined. Previous versions of hyperMILL® offer a broad range of functions and strategies for turning, turn-milling and mill-turning.

The key extension in hyperMILL® TURNING Solutions is turret support for lathes. This also underscores OPEN MIND’s determination to push ahead with the integration of digital twins of machining centers: Lathes with one main spindle, one turret and a Siemens control system are now mapped with all tools true to the original machine with the help of hyperMILL® VIRTUAL Machining.

Users can conveniently equip the turret with turret holders and tools in the Virtual Machine machining planner and use the resulting setup for NC code simulation.

Reading Back Measuring Points

Another useful application of virtual machining technology is the reading back of measuring points. This means that users can use the 3D model of a component to see at a glance which measuring points are outside the tolerance.

As a result, it becomes much easier to analyze inaccuracies and tool wear after milling and then compensate for these in the CAD/CAM system. Moreover, the hyperMILL® SHOP Viewer makes this new function directly available on the machine tool.

CAD For CAM

hyperMILL 2024 also offers various new features concerning ‘CAD for CAM.’ hyperMill® supports the import of PMI (Product Manufacturing Information) and MBD (Model-Based Definition) data in various formats such as STEP, CATIA V5, SOLIDWORKS, Creo and Siemens. Improved functions for surface modelling now allow users to generate surfaces from a large number of grid curves. Another important CAD innovation is an improved electrode creation strategy that now supports three-dimensional eroding.

Read more here in our Digital Edition —> https://shorturl.at/yCsgl

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In the intricate world of medical device manufacturing, where precision is paramount and innovation saves lives, a strong production process is key. From crafting tiny bone screws to fabricating complex hip replacement parts, there is high demand for accuracy, reliability and efficiency.

The medical device industry encompasses a wide array of products designed to diagnose, monitor and treat medical conditions. From diagnostic equipment to implantable devices, the industry caters to the evolving needs of healthcare professionals and patients worldwide.

Today, there are an estimated two million different kinds of medical devices on the global market, categorised into more than 7,000 device groups, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Challenges In Medical Device Manufacturing

Manufacturing components for medical devices presents unique challenges that demand advanced machining solutions. End-users rely on these devices being manufactured to the highest quality, as any products that do not meet quality standards can cause huge disruption. Entire operations could be paused, products recalled, organisational reputation damaged and patients’ lives at risk.

Additionally, regulatory requirements are stringent in this field. There are international standards around quality management — such as ISO 13485, risk management and ISO 14971 — as well as regional regulations such as 21 CFR and FDA for the US and EU MDR for the European Union, which all devices must meet.

The requirement for such high accuracy means manufacturers cannot risk even a millimetre of differentiation between components, so having a robust machining setup is paramount.

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Established in 1954 in Spaichingen, Germany, August Wenzler Maschinenbau GmbH started by constructing specialised machines. Over many decades, they produced rotary table machines, which were used to manufacture fittings for the most part.

Wenzler became part of the HELLER Group in 2009. The machine portfolio was completely revamped from specialised machines to manufacturing standard 5-axis machining centres.

Wenzler is responsible for structural part solutions within the HELLER Group. What’s special about the machining centre model VKM is that up to two centres can be integrated in one machine base. This enables a compact layout with good accessibility. Combined with a high degree of agility and minimum quantity lubrication, this makes the VKM model ideally suitable for machining aluminium structural parts.

All complex technological parts (e.g. rotary axes and main spindles) are sourced by Wenzler from HELLER. The machine’s translational axes are located in the tool and the rotary axes in the workpiece. This allows the integration of large travel ranges with dimensions of 1500 x 1250 mm.

Low Weight, High Tempo

Usually, machines of this size are designed for high machining volumes, which makes them correspondingly heavy and slow. Wenzler picked a different approach and built a lightweight and very agile machine.

The machining volume for structural parts is relatively small considering the size of the machine and is achieved by means of light to mid cuts. Moreover, the machine has to be able to absorb vibrations resulting from the machining process. The high degree of agility is vital for keeping non-productive time short.

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Industry 4.0 showcased at Southeast Asia’s biggest event for the metalworking, machine tools, and automation industries opened with a prestigious ceremony graced by YBhg. Datuk Hanafi Sakri, Deputy Secretary General (Industry) of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). YBhg. Tan Sri Dato Sri Dr Hj Mohd Nasir Bin Mohd Ashraf, Organising Chairman, Informa Markets Malaysia, YBhg. Dato Dr Tan Chin Huat, Chairman of METALTECH & AUTOMEX, and Gerard Leeuwenburgh, Country General Manager of Informa Markets Malaysia, were also present. The ceremony highlighted the significance of METALTECH & AUTOMEX 2024 as a platform for growth and innovation in Malaysia’s manufacturing sector.

Datuk Hanafi delivered a keynote address about Malaysia’s manufacturing sector.

“We are witnessing impressive growth, with investments surging to RM152 billion, a remarkable 80.3% increase compared to the previous year,” he declared. He continued by emphasising the importance of METALTECH & AUTOMEX, saying, “These exhibitions play a crucial role in propelling Malaysia towards becoming a regional leader in smart manufacturing, advanced technologies, and high-tech industries.”

METALTECH & AUTOMEX 2024 boasts an unparalleled showcase, featuring over 1,500 brands and companies from 40 countries. With 18,000 trade buyers and visitors anticipated from 49 countries, the event is poised to be a dynamic hub for forging new partnerships and exploring the future of manufacturing.

Themed “Industry 4.0 Innovations: Powering Malaysia’s Manufacturing Future,” the event places a strong emphasis on the transformative potential of Industry 4.0. Visitors can delve into dedicated pavilions from industry leaders in Germany, South Korea, mainland China, Singapore, and Taiwan region, all showcasing groundbreaking solutions in automation, robotics, and digital manufacturing.

“This year’s METALTECH & AUTOMEX goes beyond just speed,” said Mr. Gerard Leeuwenburgh, Country General Manager of Informa Markets in Malaysia. “The theme highlights how Industry 4.0 advancements can optimise processes, drive efficiency, reduce costs, and promote sustainability. Businesses can discover eco-friendly technologies that minimise environmental impact, achieving a future where efficiency and sustainability go hand-in-hand.”

The manufacturing landscape is undergoing a revolution. AI, robotics, and the IoT are fundamentally reshaping how products are designed, produced, and delivered. METALTECH & AUTOMEX 2024 empowers businesses to stay ahead of the curve by providing a platform to explore these trends, connect with solutions providers, and gain valuable insights from industry experts.

“METALTECH & AUTOMEX 2024 isn’t just an exhibition; it’s a game-changer for Malaysian manufacturers. By showcasing the latest Industry 4.0 advancements – from automation to AI-powered solutions – the event serves as a vital launchpad for progress. These innovations hold the key to greater efficiency, enhanced sustainability, and a stronger position in the global marketplace,” emphasised Dato Dr Tan Chin Huat, Chairman of METALTECH & AUTOMEX.

In addition to the exhibition, METALTECH & AUTOMEX 2024 featured a comprehensive program of industry-leading seminars, offering valuable insights and knowledge-sharing opportunities for manufacturers and professionals navigating the evolving industrial landscape.

Following the opening ceremony, Guest of Honour, YBhg. Datuk Hanafi Sakri, along with Chairman Dato Dr Tan Chin Huat and Country General Manager Gerard Leeuwenburgh, embarked on a tour of the exhibition floor. This high-profile visit presents a golden opportunity for exhibitors. It allows them to directly showcase their cutting-edge technologies and solutions to key decision-makers, potentially leading to valuable partnerships and business deals.

METALTECH & AUTOMEX 2024 is a global stage for industry giants to showcase their latest cutting-edge technologies for the first time. From pioneering advancements in automation and robotics to revolutionary solutions in digital manufacturing, this event offers a glimpse into the future of the industry.

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Introduction

Wheel hub powers better steering, which has become a must-have for automotive. The industry witnessed a continuous research and innovation since the late 19^th century in automotive. It is one of the most dynamic fields, accounting for at least one in ten jobs in industrialised countries. 

The industry integrates advanced technologies in vehicles to reduce emissions and ensure customers’ safety. However, in a world where material fabrication and metal heat treatment are outsourced, engineers need to be sure materials are properly processed before use.

The Wheel Hub serves as the glue between the wheel and axle. Wheels are attached with studs to the hub assembly. The hub assembly fits on the axle, connecting the wheel assembly to the rest of the car; bridging the wheel and the entire vehicle. 

If one part fails; it creates a ripple effect. A hub is not a single piece of hardware. Instead, it needs a handful of other parts to do its job.

It is mounted with bearings; cylindrical pieces packed with grease that reduces friction during wheel spin. The Wheel Hub bearing is used to increase fuel efficiency, providing smooth and safe ride for passengers with Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS). 

This research is related to the design of the workholding device for manufacturing the Wheel Hub section that is too long. The design uses the collet mechanism, improvements include adding a pneumatic cylinder for up and down mechanism, for top clamping of the output loader on the top plate that helps hold the component firmly for operations.

The operator ensures proper alignment of the forged component placed and reduces the rate of scrap from misalignment after manufacturing. This workholding provides good working area for the operator in component manufacturing.

Methodology

The idea was to develop a workholding device for manufacturing Wheel Hub part, which can be manufactured to the exact dimensions of the drawing using the GD&T tools.

A standard operating procedure was adopted till the final manufacturing stage. All operations were carried out on CNC and VMC machine, in case of any burs, auto-deburring was carried out at specific speed.

This workholding device is manufactured for a specific machine. The design of this fixture is drafted by keeping all machining considerations, movements and factors. The final working of this workholding was evaluated and specific planning for mass production of four components in a single run was also studied.

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The world raved about AI last year, even Jensen Huang from Nvidia famously praised the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI). He went as far as to say anyone can be a programmer with AI softwares. This was during the period where ChatGPT got into trouble in various shapes and forms— from data security breach to fabricated content by a high ranking editor.

Now, the chip titan finds itself joining the group of defendants accused of copyright infringements via OpenAI. Three authors reportedly took Nvidia to court over using their copyrighted material without permission to train its NeMo AI platform.

Brian Keene, Abdi Nazemian and Stewart O’Nan said their works were part of a dataset of about 196,640 books that helped train NeMo to simulate ordinary written language, before being taken down in October “due to reported copyright infringement.“ In a proposed class action filed in San Francisco federal court, the authors said the takedown reflects Nvidia’s having “admitted” it trained NeMo on the dataset, and thereby infringed their copyrights.

They are seeking unspecified damages for people in the United States whose copyrighted works helped train NeMo’s so-called large language models in the last three years. Among the works covered by the lawsuit are Keene’s 2008 novel “Ghost Walk,” Nazemian’s 2019 novel “Like a Love Story,” and O’Nan’s 2007 novella “Last Night at the Lobster.”

The lawsuit drags Nvidia into a growing body of litigation by writers, as well as the New York Times, over generative AI, which creates new content based on inputs such as text, images and sounds. Nvidia touts NeMo as a fast and affordable way to adopt generative AI.

Other companies sued over the technology have included OpenAI, which created the AI platform ChatGPT, and its partner Microsoft. AI’s rise has made Nvidia a favourite of investors. The Santa Clara, California-based chipmaker’s stock price has risen almost 600% since the end of 2022, giving Nvidia a market value of nearly US$2.2 trillion.

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The emphasis on sustainability stems from global growing awareness intended for critical environmental issues and climate change, largely caused by human activity. The focus on sustainability reflects our deep commitment to the principles of securing a better future for the planet and generations to come.

Consequently, sustainability has gained prominence in various fields, ranging from everyday life and business to transportation, urban planning, and manufacturing. Manufacturing should unquestionably be sustainable.

Today, there is widespread recognition and agreement regarding the correctness of this statement. Manufacturing processes consume natural resources, energy, create waste, and pollute the environment. We can mitigate the negative environmental impact only by adopting sustainable production technologies.

Cutting Tools — Key To Sustainability

Machining remains a primary method for producing parts of machines and mechanisms. Therefore, the question of how to make machining sustainable is more relevant than ever.

A cutting tool contacts the machined workpiece directly and shapes it to its required form, removing the rest of the unnecessary material in the form of metal chips. Can a cutting tool be a key factor for improving sustainability? The answer to the above question is undoubtedly a resounding, yes!

Read more here

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Electro-chemical Machining (ECM) is for tricky materials such as alloy steel, Ti alloys, super alloys including stainless steel. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of ECM process parameters such as electrolyte concentration, current and voltage, surface finish, material removal rate (MRR), tool and workpiece gap current and voltage for its optimisation with different materials.

ECM is non-contact and gives exact replica of the tool, a cavity in the job material. A high current is passed through the anode and the cathode through an electrolyte and a cavity (as the shape of the tool) is obtained in the workpiece. EDM is better for smaller batch sizes whereas ECM is suitable for large scale production.

Researchers Neto J., et. al.’s found feed rate affects the material removal rate. In ECM, NaNO₃ showed good results on surface roughness (Ra) and overcut. Material removal rate increased with heightened tool feed rate due to decrease in machining time. Sodium chloride (NaCl) had better machining results on MRR than Sodium Nitrate as NaCl solution is a non-passivated electrolyte and has constant current efficiency.

Milan Kumar Dasa, et.al.’s ANOVA results revealed the electrolyte concentration has maximum influence on metal removal rate and Ra characteristics. P. Rodriguez et. al. current intensity increase affects the material removal rate and as it increases, surface finish decreases in the ECM process.

There should be a balance in between material removal rate and the surface finish. Kai Egashira et.al. suggested a semi-cylindrical tool electrode, long pulse width, high pulse frequency, high low-level voltage, and high electrolyte concentration were preferable for high-speed drilling without widening the lateral gap between tool electrode and hole.

Ming-Chang Jeng et al. found material removal rate and current efficiency increases with carbon content. Moreover, quenched microstructure and tempered microstructure have a greater removal rate and current efficiency than those of annealed microstructures, work-piece machined at a pressure of 3-4 kg/cm² has highest removal rate and current efficiency. Roughness of machined surface of the annealed microstructure is greater than quenched and tempered steels.

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Baidu also showcased some of its most popular applications, solutions, and products re-built around the company’s state-of-the-art generative AI.                         

“ERNIE 4.0 has achieved a full upgrade with drastically improved performance in understanding, generation, reasoning, and memory,” Robin Li, Co-founder, Chairman and CEO of Baidu, said at the event. “These four core capabilities form the foundation of AI-native applications and have now unleashed unlimited opportunities for new innovations.”

In his keynote, Li showcased the new ERNIE Bot powered by ERNIE 4.0 through extensive demonstrations of its four core AI capabilities. ERNIE Bot is able to “Understand” and provide answers to complex and even disorganised human requests, as well as interpreting hidden messages.

ERNIE can also “Generate” a range of content, including text, images, and videos, in just a few minutes, based on one simple text prompt and image input. Li further demonstrated ERNIE Bot’s ability to “Reason” by having it solve complex geometry problems. Lastly, ERNIE Bot’s ability to “Memorize” and integrate incremental inputs was demonstrated by writing a short story and regularly adding new information as ERNIE was in process of writing the story.

Dr. Haifeng Wang, Chief Technology Officer of Baidu, said ERNIE 4.0 started beta version testing in September based on a limited amount of user input, and has since seen its overall performance improved by almost 30%. ERNIE 4.0 is now accessible to invited users on ERNIE Bot, and the API will be available upon application to enterprise clients via Qianfan foundation model platform. 

The emergent intelligence brought by foundation models and large language models (LLMs) unlocks unprecedented avenues for innovative applications. Baidu adopted an AI-native approach to re-build its family of apps, solutions, and products, including Baidu Search, Baidu GBI, Infoflow, Baidu Wenku, Baidu Drive and Baidu Maps. This revamp has sparked creativity, leading to delightful and diverse user interactions.

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